African American Reconstruction African American History

Once freed, African Americans believed that the rights of a citizen were granted to them. They truthfully believed this because after a brutally fought war, basic rights such as education, land, and employment were so modest, they were undeniable. Even though they were proclaimed as free, their place is society remained unaffected. The Freedmen's Bureau became one of the earlier agencies to provide support for newly freedmen. The agency offered education, advice and protection to its members. The most significant asset of the bureau was education. The literacy rate of African Americans rose about twenty percent due to the organization. Some freedmen even attended colleges to earn degrees. Many white Southerners viewed the African American attempt at education as a waste of time. They condemned the efforts of their social improvement. With much criticism by racist whites and inadequate funds, the Freedmen's Bureau concluded by 1872 injuring African American hopes of social equality. Another goal of African Americans was the ownership of land. To the freedmen, land ownership was equivalent to economic independency. However, they were mistaken. Economic independency was an unrealistic goal in the southern environment. As former slaves, African Americans were very familiar to the agricultural life style. As a result of Sherman's raids across the south, large plots of land were left uninhabited. Vast amounts of freedmen took the opportunity to occupy these lands. In 1866, Congress also passed the Southern Homestead Act giving African Americans access to public lands in five southern states. Contrary to what the freedmen believed, land ownership did not ensure financial success. Most land owned by African Americans was small and had an inferior value compared to white farms.

National Museum of the American Indian (The Smithsonian Institution, Term Paper

National Museum of the American Indian (The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.) - Term Paper Example as the past were key aspects of the design concept: â€Å"it needed to be a living museum, neither formal nor quiet, located in close proximity to nature.† The location which was chosen for the museum contained a stream, and this natural feature, along with the directions of the street outside and the natural north, south, east and west directions were taken into account. This is because native Indian culture places high value on harmony between all aspects of human life and the natural world and even more radically: â€Å"the grounds surrounding the building are considered an extension of the building and a vital part of the museum as a whole.†2 The Seattle born architect, Johnpaul Jones, who is of Choctaw, Cherokee and Welsh heritage, consulted with a widely drawn group of native elders and they decided very early that the building and surrounding area would be different from the neoclassical or modernist museum styles: â€Å"The museum doesn’t have a straight line in it, and is meant to look as though wind and water carved its curves†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 3 These curved external walls are the first feature to strike the visitor who arrives on foot: â€Å"Theres a monumental new presence rising above the elm trees on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., - and its not like anything else youll see there. Its as if a vision from an ancient cliff city of the desert Southwest - five stories worth of honey-colored limestone, rough hewn as if by the wind yet flowing like a river of curving cantilevered walls - had been plopped down at the back door of the U.S. Capitol.†4 The site was examined by the native elders, who identified a central point and buried a secret object there. This spot now lies at the centre of the domed Potomac atrium which lies to the east of the entrance area. The entrance was not located to face the Mall, but instead it looks east towards the rising sun and, incidentally, towards the U.S. Capitol. The stream was honoured with the creation of a fountain and a

Critical challenges faced by automobile industry Essay

Critical challenges faced by automobile industry - Essay Example Alternative fuels will also play a big part in increasing the market share in the near future. The present low cost of oil will not be permanent and the public is poised to demand more environmentally friendly automobiles. Electric cars and lithium ion batteries will be a major contributor to this demand. This will create a new market as people are given an incentive to trade up to the newest technology available. However, among the bright spots in the industry are some substantial warning signs. The large number of employees has made employee safety an issue and could be a significant added labor expense in the coming years, which will severely limit profitability. In addition, product safety groups will continue to lobby for safer vehicles that could add additional costs to manufacturing. Finally, the economic health of the Big Three is an unknown factor and will remain so until the US Congress acts and the automakers make concrete plans for their future viability. The industry must be prepared to offer a vehicle that the consumer wants to purchase. This is a considerable obstacle and any action regarding investments must consider this major drawback.

Does fall risk screening tools lead to reduction in falls in acute Article

Does fall risk screening tools lead to reduction in falls in acute hospital stays - Article Example In part 2, a review of literature identified from the database search on fall screening tools and their influence on falls during acute hospitalization would be presented, articulating factors that informed the choice of the topic, barriers to resolving underlying problems and the best practices to adopt so as to make fall screening tools effective. There has been an increase in conducting research in nursing due to the need for evidence-based professional practice. This has seen the emergence of evidence-based practice, EBP which, according to Polit and Beck (2012), entails the use of best clinical evidence to make patient care decisions. Such evidence would be informed through conducting research from a repertoire of information and knowledge which vary in validity and reliability. Nonetheless, disciplined research provides the most sophisticated approach to acquiring knowledge developed by humans over time. Cumulative findings from systematically and rigorously appraised research provide the basis for a majority of evidence hierarchies. Following this development, in seeking to evaluate whether fall risk screening tools reduce fall risks in acute hospital stays, I used a relevant database to search for reliable articles to provide relevant literature review. Indeed, healthcare literature on fall risk assessment, even when specifically limited to acute care hospital settings, exist in their abundance. Thus, the knowledge on importance for most appropriate literature for the study topic would be critical. I used PubMed (pubmed.gov), a free search engine that primarily accesses the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, MEDLINE database, for this search because of its comprehensive resourcefulness in online references for students (Polit & Beck, 2013). To begin with, I identified key words as guided by the topic of study. Thus, I came up with fall risk, assessment tool and

Flow Assurance Assignment Design Engineering Essay

Flow Assurance Assignment Design Engineering Essay INTRODUCTION This report describes about the design of subsea pipeline that transfers condensate from satellite platform to processing platform. Designing of subsea pipeline and compiling this report exclusive design programme called Pipesim from Schlumberger is used. This programme used for designing and analyses for oil and gas production. And also analysis flow line and surface facility performance to produce complete production system analysis. OBJECTIVES Avoid the formation of hydrate; Screen the pipeline for severe riser slugging to avoid its occurrence; Size a slug catcher; Optimise the insulation of the pipelines Carry out an corrosion and erosion analysis Provide engineering data PIPELINE EXPLANTION The pipeline begins from satellite platform. From that platform it goes down to 400 feet into sea bed. Then pipeline laid for 6.8 miles on the sea floor. Pipeline is connected to riser and taking upto platform surface.Here that will be connected to water seperator and multiphase pump. The water seperator has to be 90 % efficiency and about multiphase pump there has three choices of 50, 100, and 200 HP with efficiency of 80 %. After multiphase pump comes down with riser about 400 feet and connected to pipeline.This horizontal pipieline laid for 5 miles.End point of this pipeline connected to riser and taken upto platform. From that platfrom, pipeline travels over the sea to processing platform for 8 miles.Every technical datas are provided in appendix 2. Schematic sketch of pipeline is given below from Pipesim: Pipeline Design Selection of Internal Diameter of Pipeline In this project, we have choice of pipeline ID size 8, 10 and 12.Condensate should have to reach in processing platform terminal with minimum pressure of 1000 psia. By doing analysis with three unlike IDs only a combined pipe size of 10 and 12 achieved minimum pressure at processing platform. For 11,000 stb/d and 6000 stb/d, minimum arrival pressure is 1425 psia and 1,109 psia respectively got from graph. For multiphase pump decided to choose 50 HP. After selection of pump and pipeline size, these have to be checked in pressure temperature profile analysis for ensuring arrival pressure at processing platform above 1,000 psia ( Shown in appendix 1). Pipeline Insulation Minimum arrival temperature of condensate is 750F at processing platform. For attaining this value, the pipeline has to be insulted due to heat transfer loss. For finding out how much insulation have to use in pipeline done through by using pressure temperature analysis. For this insulation analysis is started with thickness of 0.25 and if its not satisfied, hence we have to increment 0.25 continuously. Thickness selection can be done through by clicking in pipeline and enter values in heat transfer tab. There we can enter pipe conductivity, ambient temperature and burial depth. After entering all these values we will get an insulation thickness of 6 and minimum arrival temperature as 81.50F. These arrival temperature satisfys both processing platform temperature and formation of hydrate ( Shown in appendix 1, figure 4). Formation of Hydrate Hydrates are formed at high pressure and low temperature with combination of water and gas. Usually hydrates are formed inside subsea pipelines like plug formation. This can create major issues in oil and gas industry and resultant will be damaging of pipelines as well as processing facility. To hinder hydrates, inhibitors are used in pipelines. Widely used inhibitor is methanol. Hydrate formation condition provided in notes as follows: Temperature Temperature 1500 psia After taking amount of insulation in account for getting an arrival temperature above 750F is satisfied from above results. And keeping temperature and pressure in limited figures can control formation of hydrates in pipeline. From graph values (Shown in appendix 1, figure 4) above conditions are satisfied: Liquid flow rate corresponding pressure and temperature 6,000 stb/d: 1425 psia 81.5 0F respectively. Liquid flow rate corresponding pressure and temperature 11,000 stb/d: 1109 psia 100 0F respectively. Screening for severe riser slugging Number of factors is caused due to slug formation in riser. Some of them are given below. 1. When Pipeline elevation is slightly downward before riser connection 2. If fluid flow pattern is segregated By using PI-SS number riser slugging can be determined. Riser slugging can be conformed when number is less than 1.Then slug catcher have to be designed by using pipesim. PI-SS number can be calculated through report from pipesim. By using this simulation software can be generate two reports. Out file can be obtained from report file and flow map. Then re-run model and from that out file obtained. Low PI-SS numbers are highlighted in out file. Riser slugging happens in flow line 1. This shows that slug catcher have to be design. Design of Slug Catcher The slug catcher size is determined based on following three criteria. They are The essential to hold the major slug in future Necessity for handling liquid comes out from pig Required for store the slug where production rate is increased to 6000 to 11000 stb/d Following values are calculated from design. The output file is shown in Appendix and biggest one in one thousand slug size is originated. In this report it is calculated to 2211.168 feet. From the value we have got slug volume 2892.93 ft3. For second value taken from the liquid cleaned in front of a pig can be checked. It is clear that the minimum flow gives larger volume about 1801.512 bbl or 10114.73 ft3. Now calculated is liquid delayed when flow is increased 6000 to 11000 stb/d. This is dissimilarity in total delay between the two flow rates. That means 3201.99 bbl 2459 bbl = 742.25 bbl = 4164.0225 ft3. Therefore the pigging volume is 10114.73 ft3 (Appendix 1, Figure: 6,7,8) . Corrosion and erosion analysis Corrosion and erosion are main concern in pipelines and this have to be kept very low. When erosion occurs, it reduces pipeline diameter. This has to be replaced before when it reaches to minimum value. Corrosion is occurred due to many reasons. This is major problem in oil and gas industry. The erosion analysis is done through following steps. Software analysis is done and the plot is got from erosion velocity ratio in Y axis and total distance from X axis. From graph flow is not exceeding value one which shows that there will be no erosion occurring in pipeline. ( Appendix 1, Figure : 2) Engineering Data Flowline 1 Flowline 2 Flowline3 Size of Pipeline ( Inches) 10 10 10 Insulation Thickness 6 6 6 Riser size: 10 inches Multiphase pump: 50 HP Slugging: Yes Size of Slug Catcher: 10114.73 ft3 Erosion or Corrosion: No Conclusion Pipesim is tool used for designing pipeline and for getting exact performance in system. In this project, for flowline 1 and flowline 2 are used 10 inch pipeline size. For flowline 3, pipeline size is 12 inch. After considering flowlines sizes we will achieve minimum arrival pressure and temperature at processing platform. Formation of hydrate was eliminated by proper insulation and multiphase pump power. Slugging is found in simulation for that reason we have provided slug catcher. Analyzing erosion and corrosion proved that there will be no erosion in pipeline. Generally project is successfully designed according to requirement. REFERENCE: Pipesim Help Class notes from Dr Shuisheng. He http://www.easycalculation.com/unit-conversion/volume-unit-converter.php http://www.slb.com/services/software/production_software/prod_analysis_diagnostics/pipesim.aspx E.D.Sloan, Clathrate Hydrates of Natural Gas http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrate APPENDIX 1 Figure 1: Pressure Temperature Figure 2 : Erosional velocity ratio- Total distance Figure3 : Pressure Vs Total distance Figure 4 : Temperature Vs Total distance Figure 5 : Pressure Vs Total distance ( without flow rate) Figure 6 : PI-SS Number Figure 7: Largest 1/1000 slug length Figure 8: Liquid by sphere number

Hermes :: essays research papers

Hermes - Messager god Essay written by Jamecca The idea of gods and goddesses began as far back as the ancient Egyptians, but the ancient Greeks were the first group to form a religion based on gods and goddesses. They believed that the gods and goddesses were not different from humans. Some of the few ways humans were different from gods were that the gods were stronger and lived forever. Since the Greeks believe in many gods, they are Polytheists. The gods and goddesses were thought to control different parts of the universe. For example, Zeus is the king of the gods, controlled weather. Or like Athena who was the goddess of wisdom. You learn about different gods and goddesses in myths. A myth is a story about a god or goddess. Homer, a blind poet, is famous for telling myths. He told myths because no one could read or write. Hermes (Latin name Mercury) is the messenger of the gods. He is the fastest of all the gods and goddesses. He is the son of Zeus and Maia. He is a guide who knew the way to the underworld. So he would show the dead souls the way to the underworld. Hermes is also known as the patron of traders, merchants, thieves and everyone who lived by their wits. Some characteristics of Hermes include his ingenuity, knowledge, creativity, and is known to be very cunning. He is also quite good at gymnastics. Hermes is an incredibly clever god. He found a tortoise outside of his cave and displayed his godly talent by placing strings over the shell, inventing the first lyre. As a child he was very precious, even for a god. But he caused a great deal of trouble. But one day, he went too far and learned a very important lesson. Hermes is a master thief. He started his career as a thief before he was more than a few hours old! It was his intelligence and theft abilities in the following myth that won him recognition as a god. The worship of Hermes began in his birthplace, Arcadia. People of Arcadia would hold festivals called Hermaea in his honor. The sacrifices offered to him included honey, incense, cakes, pigs, lambs, and young goats. One of the most famous myths about Hermes shows his extreme intellect. One day after his mother fell asleep, Hermes tip-toed to the pasture where his brother Apollo kept a large heard of cows.

Hrm approaches in different work systems

HRM Approaches in different Work systems: A comparing between fabrication works and name Centre of high street bankTinging WangAs Peter Boxall and John Purcell ( 2008 ) mentioned in literature, work system refers to â€Å"choices about what work needs to be done, about who will make it, and about where and how they will make it† . Each work system contains its characteristics to interact with operation picks every bit good as HR direction. This paper chiefly focus on the relationship between work systems and schemes of HR, particularly in comparing 2 different types of work systems and their corresponding attacks to HR. I will explicate this in the chief 2 parts follow a 3-step-way: environment analysis, work system and HR attacks.Approachs to in fabrication worksAssume there is a new, high engineering and capital intensive fabrication works in York. Since the works is a new entrant in the industry, its purpose is fundamentally cost control and using market portion. The capita l intensive, high engineering characteristic and cost control demand find the works has to restrict the figure of employees and heighten their abilities and efficiency in work. As we can see, the works is a typical theoretical account of fabrication houses. Manufacturing industry ab initio employed low paid labours to carry through merely, repeated work and without a basic cognition demand. It was argued by Watson ( 1986 ) that workers were machines utilizing motor non mental accomplishments. As the engineering developed quickly these old ages in fabrication industry, machines can largely take over the occupations done by labours and force the employees to another degree called â€Å"high involvement† ( Lawler, 1986 ) , and other similar attacks as â€Å"high commitment† ( Arthur, 1992 ) , â€Å"high performance† ( Huselid, 1995 ) or â€Å"sophisticated† ( Koch and McGrath, 1996 ) . James, Chester and Robert ( 2002 ) concluded former literatures and described high engagement work systems ( HIWSs ) being utilized by provide employees accomplishments, information, motive, and latitude to derive the work force ‘s fight. The high engagement attacks was discussed by Vandenberg, Richardson and Eastman ( 1999 ) based on Lawler ‘ ( 1986 ) high-involvement work procedures, which contains 4 factors as â€Å"PIRK† theoretical account. In â€Å"PIRK† theoretical account â€Å"P† stands for power, â€Å"I† means information, â€Å"R† refers to honor and â€Å"K† is defined as cognition. By this means, a set of HR attacks can be generated through enhance each variable of â€Å"PIRK† to accomplish concluding results. For case, developing chances can be used as a HR attack to heighten employees ‘ cognition and straight better their abilities to work out jobs. This is a direct manner of utilizing the theoretical account as Batt ( 2002 ) mentioned in his work, and the indirect manner influence employees ‘ motive and satisfaction to do them experience comfort and safe at work. In general, the HR attacks can be used in a fabrication works includes the undermentioned cardinal patterns: 1. Teamworking. As we mentioned before, the works is extremely concentrated on doing usage of engineering and capital resources, teamworking is a opportunity for employees to acquire involved in of import events in the works. It can impact workers in organisational committedness, work satisfaction every bit good as cognition betterment. 2. Advanced preparation. The works has needs on invention and merchandise design to vie in the market as a new comer, therefore the preparation has to be of some proficient degree which is firm-related and more hard than general preparation. Advanced preparation can break assist employees to derive information and cognition, and cut down the opportunity of turnover. 3. Incentive patterns. In a freshly works, if there is excess budget can be used on wagess, there should hold some inducement patterns. Not merely this method can actuate employees to give more, but besides it can heighten their duties to the works, if the wagess are really portions of the works. There are much more attacks can be used in this works to better public presentation, nevertheless, the effectivity still becomes an unsure inquiry, since there is no measurings to measure the whole procedure.Approachs to name Centre for a high street bankIn comparing, we imagine there is a call Centre to be established for a high street bank. Bank industry is more of service-oriented, name Centre in a high street bank is non expected to convey about net income straight. The employees ‘ duties are to work out jobs that already happened in the yesteryear or expected to be happened in the hereafter. They give the replies from a wide-ranging inquiry bank which contains the frequent asked inquiries and high-strung inquiries. All of them attached replies below so that the operators on the phone can reply different inquiries with in a short clip. Besides the replies, operators from the call Centre besides needs to be use properly words, looks, melodies, and purely follow a standardise d expression to make the whole telephone communications. The characteristics of call Centre determined the employees they wanted are more general background, better in communicating merely like a good hearer with first-class apprehension and ability of unwritten look. Service market is more labour intensive compared to fabricating industry, and name Centre can be categorized into the â€Å"Tightly Constrained† work systems, harmonizing to Herzenberg ( 1998 ) ‘s typology of work systems. Herzenberg describe this type of service as â€Å"high volume, low cost, standardised quality, tight undertaking supervising, low to chair formal instruction of workers, and limited training† . Boxall ( 2003 ) followed Herzenberg ‘s work and defined 3 types of competition and work organisation in private sector services. Based on his definition, call Centre belongs to â€Å"Massive service firms† which related to a mix of mass markets and higher value-added sections. There are important differences in HR schemes between a hi-tech fabrication works and a high street call Centre. Though Boxall ( 2003 ) pointed out that houses aim for high-valued sections in services are more likely to utilize HIWSs attack in HRM, a call Centre still can non suit the HIWSs really good. One of the grounds as I mentioned earlier is that call Centre â€Å"is non expected to convey about net income directly† . In this instance, even if utilizing HIWSs to better service quality and heighten employees ‘ felicity index can be worked out, that wo n't bring forth excess net income for the bank. Customers may take another bank since they discover their current bank truly defeated because of a hapless quality telephone service, but they are less likely to take a bank merely based on its absolutely high degree of telephone service. After examined the characteristics and work system of call Centre, a figure ( Figure 1 ) will be given out to exemplify the properly attack of HRM which is suggested to be adopted by a call Centre director. The figure contains both the attacks and demands. Left side stands out the cardinal attacks of HR which match the center and right characteristics of employees.Key HR attacksEmployee competenceEmployee committednessGeneral preparation ; Communicationss ; Performance assessment ;Standardized behaviour ; Communication accomplishmentsStress degree ; Work balance ;Figure 1: Approachs used in call Centre The HR attacks are used to heighten either employee competence or committedness to accomplish farther results. They looks much simpler compared with fabrication works, that is because the two houses have different characteristics and results.DecisionIt is evidently that a fabrication works adopts different HR attacks compared with a call Centre. The grounds are assorted and difficult to separate, since there are so many factors inside or outside the houses and interact with each other all the clip. However, there are three chief grounds affect the HR direction within different work systems. First one is production factor. Whether the house is capital intensive or labour intensive determines the graduated table and cost of employees as the former tends to engage fewer employees with high demand and the latter tends to maintain equal employees with general cognition backgrounds. The 2nd factor is merchandise distinction. An industry which requires extremely differentiation merchandise the information and cognition is needed all the clip therefore the HR attack in preparation is intensive and specialized so that the worker can use it to work and heighten public presentation. By contrast, a call Centre offers about the same service to different clients ; therefore the preparation attack is more basic and contains regulations, ordinances to accomplish consistence and homogeneousness. The 3rd factor is profitableness. Profitableness differs in specific types of places ; a research section director in fabrication works normally generates more net incomes than a telephone operator in call Centre. In that instance the director will derive occupation satisfaction through wagess and engagement in concern determination devising, whereas the telephone operator may experience less satisfied in work and has turnover purpose. The ground is merely because houses need to maintain profitable employees stable and disregard or pay less attending on the common employees without comp etitory advantage. The 3 factors reflects how the work system and HR purposes combined together to impact HR attacks. These attacks, nevertheless, run into a major challenge of steps. Previous literatures like Arthur ( 1992, 1994 ) , Huselid ( 1995 ) , James, Chester and Robert ( 2002 ) did empirical work on steps to measure effectivity of HR attacks. James, Chester and Robert ( 2002 ) province the relationship between a differentiation-oriented competitory scheme and its public presentation is positive. Whether all these attacks and measurings can be trusted in the bounds of good sense or practicality is a large issue we should concentrate on the hereafter.